16 113.4 智慧財產權月刊 VOL.304 本月專題 人工智慧訓練與著作之合法利用 聯邦最高法院認為，判斷第1 款「利用之目的及性質」，「其核心目的在 於，⋯⋯新著作是否僅係替代原著作之內容，⋯⋯抑或係具有進一步目的或不同 性質，以新的表達、意義或訊息；換句話說，新著作是否或以何等範疇加以轉 化。⋯⋯著作權之目的，通常係藉由創作轉化性著作，以提昇科學及藝術。該 等具轉化性之著作，係仰賴合理使用原則為保障核心，以確保於著作權之限制 下，仍有自由呼吸之空間。新著作愈具有轉化性，愈能弱化其他可能否定合理使 用之因素，例如商業性質。（The central purpose of this investigation is to see...... whether the new work merely "supersede[s] the objects" of the original creation,......or instead adds something new, with a further purpose or different character, altering the first with new expression, meaning, or message; it asks, in other words, whether and to what extent the new work is "transformative." ...... the goal of copyright, to promote science and the arts, is generally furthered by the creation of transformative works. Such works thus lie at the heart of the fair use doctrine's guarantee of breathing space within the confines of copyright, and the more transformative the new work, the less will be the significance of other factors, like commercialism, that may weigh against a finding of fair use.）」 該案關於「轉化性之使用」之判斷基準，影響深遠32。隨後諸多判決，均受 影響，包括前述幾項數位網路爭議案件。美國著作權局關於合理使用判斷要素之 敘述，亦予遵從，該局亦認為「轉化性之使用，更為可能被認定係合理。轉化性 使用係指加入某些新元素，具有進一步之目的或不同性質，而且不至於替代原 著作之使用（Additionally, “transformative” uses are more likely to be considered fair. Transformative uses are those that add something new, with a further purpose or different character, and do not substitute for the original use of the work.）」。33 32 Pamela Samuelson, Possible Futures of Fair Use, 90 Wash. L. REV. 815 (2015). Available at: https:// digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol90/iss2/9 (last visited Dec. 20, 2023). 33 參見美國著作權局2013 年執行合理使用索引計畫之文件所載，https://www.copyright.gov/fairuse/ (last visited Dec. 20, 2023).
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